Skip to content

Liste von Linuxbefehlen

Angeheftet Linux
  • Kleine Liste von Befehlen, die ich immer mal wieder brauche. Bis ich die im Kopf behalte, muss ich sie mir aufschreiben 🙂

    ls

    Liste nur der Directories ausgeben

    [frank@eos etc]$ ls -d */
    alsa/                 daxctl.conf.d/  fwupd/           kernel/        modules-load.d/  pkcs11/         skel/              vpnc/
    audit/                dconf/          grub.d/          keyutils/      ndctl/           pki/            ssh/               wpa_supplicant/
    avahi/                debuginfod/     gss/             ld.so.conf.d/  ndctl.conf.d/    polkit-1/       ssl/               X11/
    binfmt.d/             default/        gssproxy/        libblockdev/   netctl/          ppp/            sudoers.d/         xdg/
    bluetooth/            depmod.d/       gtk-2.0/         libinput/      NetworkManager/  profile.d/      sysctl.d/          xinetd.d/
    ca-certificates/      dracut.conf.d/  gtk-3.0/         libnl/         nginx/           pulse/          systemd/           xl2tpd/
    cifs-utils/           eos-apps-info/  hp/              libpaper.d/    openldap/        rc_keymaps/     tmpfiles.d/
    conf.d/               exports.d/      ifplugd/         libsmbios/     openvpn/         request-key.d/  tpm2-tss/
    credstore/            firewall/       ImageMagick-7/   logrotate.d/   pacman.d/        sane.d/         udev/
    credstore.encrypted/  firewalld/      iproute2/        lvm/           pam.d/           sddm.conf.d/    udisks2/
    cups/                 fonts/          iptables/        ModemManager/  pinentry/        security/       UPower/
    cupshelpers/          foomatic/       java17-openjdk/  modprobe.d/    pipewire/        sensors.d/      usb_modeswitch.d/
    

    grep

    Wenn man mit grep die Datei syslog durchsucht, geht das einwandfrei. Doch mit der Datei syslog.1 meint grep ein binary File vor sich zu haben und weigert sich.

    rock64@rockpro64v_2_1:~$ sudo grep "Restic" /var/log/syslog.1
    Binary file /var/log/syslog.1 matches
    

    Mit der Option -a behandelt grep die Datei als Textdatei.

     rock64@rockpro64v_2_1:~$ sudo grep -a "Restic" /var/log/syslog.1
     Sep 18 04:33:05 rockpro64v_2_1 root: Restic-Backup Script erfolgreich! 18.09.2018_04:30
     Sep 18 04:35:06 rockpro64v_2_1 root: Restic-Backup erfolgreich überprüft! 18.09.2018_04:30
    

    Was ich auch immer wieder brauche, wenn ich dmesg nach irgendwas durchsuchen muss.

     dmesg | grep -i memory
     dmesg | grep -E "memory|dma|usb|tty"
    

    dpkg

    Wenn man Kamils Mainline runtergeladen hat und die .deb Dateien installieren möchte.

    sudo dpkg -i *.deb
    

    find

    ACHTUNG! Nicht ungefährlich der Befehl!

    # Alle Dateien löschen, die älter als 5 Tage sind.
    find /daten -name "*.rdb*" -mtime 5 -exec rm {} \;
    

    Hier noch ein aktuelles Beispiel

    ## Nur die Datenbanken der letzten 30 Tage behalten
    find /mnt/nas/Sicherungen_Cloud/mysql/ -name "joomla*.sql" -mtime +30 -exec rm {} \;
    

    du

    Verzeichnisgröße ermitteln

    du -hs /folder
    

    und Unterverzeichnisse

    du -shc /mnt/HC_Volume_XXXXXXXXX/nextcloud_data/*
    

    tail

    Log live anzeigen

    tail -f /var/log/...
    

    Die letzten 30 Zeilen

    tail -n 30 /var/log/syslog
    

    pstree

    apt install psmisc
    

    Ausgabe von pstree

    root@NFSServer:~# pstree
    systemd─┬─agetty
            ├─blkmapd
            ├─cron
            ├─dbus-daemon
            ├─qemu-ga
            ├─rpc.idmapd
            ├─rpc.mountd
            ├─rpcbind
            ├─rsyslogd───3*[{rsyslogd}]
            ├─sshd───sshd───sshd───bash───su───bash───pstree
            ├─systemd───(sd-pam)
            ├─systemd-journal
            ├─systemd-logind
            ├─systemd-timesyn───{systemd-timesyn}
            └─systemd-udevd
    

    dig (dns-utils)

    root@rockpro64:/etc/unbound# dig google.com
    
    ; <<>> DiG 9.11.5-P4-5.1-Debian <<>> google.com
    ;; global options: +cmd
    ;; Got answer:
    ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 59187
    ;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
    
    ;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
    ; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
    ;; QUESTION SECTION:
    ;google.com.			IN	A
    
    ;; ANSWER SECTION:
    google.com.		300	IN	A	172.217.16.142
    
    ;; Query time: 26 msec
    ;; SERVER: ::1#53(::1)
    ;; WHEN: Sun Feb 23 10:12:20 UTC 2020
    ;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 55
    

    openssl

    openssl dhparam -out /etc/nginx/certs/dhparam.pem 2048
    

    und

    openssl rand -hex 32
    

    nmap

    root@debian:~# nmap 192.168.3.14
    Starting Nmap 7.70 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2020-04-11 13:03 CEST
    Nmap scan report for 192.168.3.14
    Host is up (0.00096s latency).
    Not shown: 999 closed ports
    PORT   STATE SERVICE
    22/tcp open  ssh
    MAC Address: 62:03:B0:D6:DC:B3 (Unknown)
    
    Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 1.63 seconds
    

    mdadm

    cat /proc/mdstat
    

    &

    watch -n1 cat /proc/mdstat
    

    &

    mdadm --assemble --scan 
    

    nmap

    root@frank-MS-7C37:~# nmap 192.168.3.11
    Starting Nmap 7.80 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2020-05-10 17:55 CEST
    Nmap scan report for 192.168.3.11
    Host is up (0.00082s latency).
    Not shown: 998 filtered ports
    PORT     STATE SERVICE
    22/tcp   open  ssh
    8000/tcp open  http-alt
    MAC Address: 62:03:B0:D6:DC:B3 (Unknown)
    
    Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 7.05 seconds
    

    telnet

    root@frank-MS-7C37:~# telnet 192.168.3.11 8000
    Trying 192.168.3.11...
    Connected to 192.168.3.11.
    Escape character is '^]'.
    ^C
    Connection closed by foreign host.
    

    Zum Beenden von telnet

    CTRL + ]
    

    und dann "quit" eingeben

    update-initramfs -u

    update-initramfs -u
    

    Einen symbolischen Link anlegen

    ln -s ~/Downloads ~/Desktop/Download
    

    Debian Version

    cat /etc/debian_version
    

    Partitionen anzeigen

    sudo lsblk -f
    

    .gz entpacken

    gunzip openwrt-rockchip-armv8-friendlyarm_nanopi-r4s-ext4-sysupgrade.img.gz
    

    netstat

    netstat -tulpn
       
    netstat -tulpn | grep 80
    

    ip

    ip in Farbe!

    ip -c a
    

    Screenshot_20221229_075628.png

    Konsole in Englisch

    [frank-ms7c92 ~]# LC_ALL=C  free
    

    Ausgabe

    [frank-ms7c92 ~]# free
                  gesamt       benutzt     frei      gemns.  Puffer/Cache verfügbar
    Speicher:   61609880    13752348    36892556      837540    10964976    46327716
    Swap:       67767424           0    67767424
    [frank-ms7c92 ~]# LC_ALL=C free
                   total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
    Mem:        61609880    13781124    36863292      837540    10965464    46298944
    Swap:       67767424           0    67767424
    
  • In meinem neuen PC ist eine 2,5G Karte drin, das muss man ja am WE mal testen. Und so bekommt man ein paar Infos zu den Interfaces.

    root@frank-MS-7C37:~# ethtool enp41s0
    Settings for enp41s0:
    	Supported ports: [ TP MII ]
    	Supported link modes:   10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 
    	                        100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 
    	                        1000baseT/Full 
    	                        2500baseT/Full 
    	Supported pause frame use: Symmetric Receive-only
    	Supports auto-negotiation: Yes
    	Supported FEC modes: Not reported
    	Advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 
    	                        100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 
    	                        1000baseT/Full 
    	                        2500baseT/Full 
    	Advertised pause frame use: Symmetric Receive-only
    	Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes
    	Advertised FEC modes: Not reported
    	Speed: Unknown!
    	Duplex: Unknown! (255)
    	Port: Twisted Pair
    	PHYAD: 0
    	Transceiver: internal
    	Auto-negotiation: on
    	MDI-X: Unknown
    	Supports Wake-on: pumbg
    	Wake-on: d
    	Link detected: no
    
  • systemd

    Anzeige der geladenen Dienste

    root@host:/etc/systemd/system# systemctl --type=service
      UNIT                                                  LOAD   ACTIVE SUB     DESCRIPTION                                                                  
      atd.service                                           loaded active running Deferred execution scheduler
      blk-availability.service                              loaded active exited  Availability of block devices
      cloud-config.service                                  loaded active exited  Apply the settings specified in cloud-config
      cloud-final.service                                   loaded active exited  Execute cloud user/final scripts
      cloud-init-local.service                              loaded active exited  Initial cloud-init job (pre-networking)
      cloud-init.service                                    loaded active exited  Initial cloud-init job (metadata service crawler)
      console-setup.service                                 loaded active exited  Set console font and keymap
      cron.service                                          loaded active running Regular background program processing daemon
      crowdsec-firewall-bouncer.service                     loaded active running The firewall bouncer for CrowdSec
      crowdsec.service                                      loaded active running Crowdsec agent
      dbus.service                                          loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus
      getty@tty1.service                                    loaded active running Getty on tty1
      ifupdown-pre.service                                  loaded active exited  Helper to synchronize boot up for ifupdown
      keyboard-setup.service                                loaded active exited  Set the console keyboard layout
      kmod-static-nodes.service                             loaded active exited  Create List of Static Device Nodes
      lvm2-monitor.service                                  loaded active exited  Monitoring of LVM2 mirrors, snapshots etc. using dmeventd or progress polling
      mariadb.service                                       loaded active running MariaDB 10.11.3 database server
      networking.service                                    loaded active exited  Raise network interfaces
      nginx.service                                         loaded active running A high performance web server and a reverse proxy server
      qemu-guest-agent.service                              loaded active running QEMU Guest Agent
      resolvconf.service                                    loaded active exited  Nameserver information manager
      semaphore.service                                     loaded active running Ansible Semaphore
      serial-getty@ttyS0.service                            loaded active running Serial Getty on ttyS0
      ssh.service                                           loaded active running OpenBSD Secure Shell server
      systemd-binfmt.service                                loaded active exited  Set Up Additional Binary Formats
      systemd-fsck@dev-disk-by\x2duuid-1E22\x2dDC00.service loaded active exited  File System Check on /dev/disk/by-uuid/1E22-DC00
      systemd-journal-flush.service                         loaded active exited  Flush Journal to Persistent Storage
      systemd-journald.service                              loaded active running Journal Service
      systemd-logind.service                                loaded active running User Login Management
      systemd-modules-load.service                          loaded active exited  Load Kernel Modules
      systemd-random-seed.service                           loaded active exited  Load/Save Random Seed
      systemd-remount-fs.service                            loaded active exited  Remount Root and Kernel File Systems
      systemd-sysctl.service                                loaded active exited  Apply Kernel Variables
      systemd-sysusers.service                              loaded active exited  Create System Users
      systemd-timesyncd.service                             loaded active running Network Time Synchronization
      systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service                    loaded active exited  Create Static Device Nodes in /dev
      systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service                        loaded active exited  Create Volatile Files and Directories
      systemd-udev-trigger.service                          loaded active exited  Coldplug All udev Devices
      systemd-udevd.service                                 loaded active running Rule-based Manager for Device Events and Files
      systemd-update-utmp.service                           loaded active exited  Record System Boot/Shutdown in UTMP
      systemd-user-sessions.service                         loaded active exited  Permit User Sessions
      ufw.service                                           loaded active exited  Uncomplicated firewall
      user-runtime-dir@0.service                            loaded active exited  User Runtime Directory /run/user/0
      user@0.service                                        loaded active running User Manager for UID 0
    
    LOAD   = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded.
    ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB.
    SUB    = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type.
    44 loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too.
    To show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.
    

  • Debian Buster 10.7 released

    Linux
    1
    0 Stimmen
    1 Beiträge
    201 Aufrufe
    Niemand hat geantwortet
  • Kopia - Kopia-Server mit Kopia-UI

    Kopia
    1
    0 Stimmen
    1 Beiträge
    344 Aufrufe
    Niemand hat geantwortet
  • Restic - forget --keep-last 3 --prune

    Restic
    2
    0 Stimmen
    2 Beiträge
    572 Aufrufe
    FrankMF

    Ich habe mich damit noch ein wenig beschäftigt, die letzten drei zu behalten, ist nicht so optimal. Da es viele Optionen bei dem Befehl gibt, hier ein Ausschnitt

    Flags: -l, --keep-last n keep the last n snapshots -H, --keep-hourly n keep the last n hourly snapshots -d, --keep-daily n keep the last n daily snapshots -w, --keep-weekly n keep the last n weekly snapshots -m, --keep-monthly n keep the last n monthly snapshots -y, --keep-yearly n keep the last n yearly snapshots

    habe ich das ein wenig so angepasst, das ich denke es passt für mich.

    restic --password-file /root/passwd -r /media/NAS_neu/Restic/Home/ forget --keep-last 3 --keep-monthly 3 --prune

    Damit behalte ich auch die jeweils eines pro Monat. Und die letzten drei. Das sieht dann so aus.

    root@debian:~# ./backup2.sh repository 2f3f6147 opened successfully, password is correct Files: 38 new, 100 changed, 13268 unmodified Dirs: 0 new, 1 changed, 0 unmodified Added to the repo: 10.166 GiB processed 13406 files, 50.324 GiB in 3:24 snapshot 849f614c saved repository 2f3f6147 opened successfully, password is correct Applying Policy: keep the last 3 snapshots, 3 monthly snapshots snapshots for (host [debian], paths [/home/frank]): keep 5 snapshots: ID Time Host Tags Reasons Paths ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ a7251cfd 2019-11-28 17:00:01 debian monthly snapshot /home/frank 283d4027 2019-12-31 17:00:01 debian monthly snapshot /home/frank ae2b96ec 2020-01-01 21:47:46 debian last snapshot /home/frank 079e00a6 2020-01-02 17:00:01 debian last snapshot /home/frank 849f614c 2020-01-03 21:08:45 debian last snapshot /home/frank monthly snapshot ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 snapshots remove 26 snapshots: ID Time Host Tags Paths ------------------------------------------------------------------ 896f16c2 2019-11-07 22:23:40 debian /home/frank b21bcf6d 2019-11-11 17:00:01 debian /home/frank f89248fb 2019-11-12 17:00:01 debian /home/frank 123ab546 2019-11-13 17:00:01 debian /home/frank b82d87d0 2019-11-18 17:00:01 debian /home/frank 040b0ab7 2019-11-19 17:00:01 debian /home/frank 7221d8ef 2019-11-20 17:00:01 debian /home/frank 84132a25 2019-11-21 17:00:01 debian /home/frank b558a52c 2019-11-25 17:00:01 debian /home/frank e5cc0c3e 2019-12-02 17:00:01 debian /home/frank 22423fa5 2019-12-03 17:00:01 debian /home/frank 39df1ab9 2019-12-04 17:00:01 debian /home/frank 98843457 2019-12-05 17:00:01 debian /home/frank b0cdd4b6 2019-12-09 17:00:01 debian /home/frank 828414f9 2019-12-10 17:00:01 debian /home/frank e34a27c3 2019-12-11 17:00:01 debian /home/frank 6e488c3b 2019-12-12 17:00:01 debian /home/frank 17898403 2019-12-16 17:00:01 debian /home/frank 1973305a 2019-12-17 17:00:01 debian /home/frank 9553bedd 2019-12-18 17:00:01 debian /home/frank fedf749d 2019-12-19 17:00:01 debian /home/frank 8e7cb876 2019-12-23 17:00:01 debian /home/frank 0bd0d102 2019-12-25 17:00:01 debian /home/frank 13d348b0 2019-12-26 17:00:01 debian /home/frank c7d960aa 2019-12-30 17:00:01 debian /home/frank f6ea9118 2020-01-01 17:00:01 debian /home/frank ------------------------------------------------------------------ 26 snapshots 26 snapshots have been removed, running prune counting files in repo building new index for repo [0:35] 100.00% 7806 / 7806 packs repository contains 7806 packs (46537 blobs) with 41.110 GiB processed 46537 blobs: 0 duplicate blobs, 0 B duplicate load all snapshots find data that is still in use for 5 snapshots [0:01] 100.00% 5 / 5 snapshots found 32654 of 46537 data blobs still in use, removing 13883 blobs will remove 0 invalid files will delete 715 packs and rewrite 752 packs, this frees 5.027 GiB [2:28] 100.00% 752 / 752 packs rewritten counting files in repo [0:01] 100.00% 6571 / 6571 packs finding old index files saved new indexes as [d137b425 f7caee99 a6e9711a] remove 35 old index files [1:13] 100.00% 1467 / 1467 packs deleted done using temporary cache in /tmp/restic-check-cache-916655151 repository 2f3f6147 opened successfully, password is correct created new cache in /tmp/restic-check-cache-916655151 create exclusive lock for repository load indexes check all packs check snapshots, trees and blobs read all data [7:47] 100.00% 6571 / 6571 items duration: 7:47 no errors were found root@debian:~#

    Am Ende seht ihr noch, wie Restic alle Files testet. Mein Script sieht jetzt so aus.

    #!/bin/bash # Script um mit Restic Daten automatisiert zu sichern! # Dient zum Sichern der Homepartition auf dem ROCKPro64 NAS! # Was soll gesichert werden? backup_pfad=/home/frank # Programm Start restic --password-file /root/passwd -r /media/NAS_neu/Restic/Home/ backup $backup_pfad --exclude-file=excludes.txt restic --password-file /root/passwd -r /media/NAS_neu/Restic/Home/ forget --keep-last 3 --keep-monthly 3 --prune # Testen restic --password-file /root/passwd -r /media/NAS_neu/Restic/Home/ check --read-data

    Das dann schön mit einem Cronjob laufen lassen und die Datensicherung ist erledigt 😉

  • SSHFS

    Linux
    1
    0 Stimmen
    1 Beiträge
    282 Aufrufe
    Niemand hat geantwortet
  • checkmk - Agent installieren

    Verschoben checkmk
    1
    0 Stimmen
    1 Beiträge
    2k Aufrufe
    Niemand hat geantwortet
  • Installation von Grav & NGinx & PHP7.2

    Angeheftet Verschoben Grav
    2
    0 Stimmen
    2 Beiträge
    1k Aufrufe
    FrankMF

    Nachdem ich den ROCKPro64 jetzt auf den Mainline umgestellt habe, lief meine Testinstallation von Grav nicht mehr.

    Hilfreiche Sache um das Problem zu lösen -> https://gist.github.com/GhazanfarMir/03bd1f1f770a3834d47274586d46ea62

    Ich bekam immer 502 Bad Gateway, Grund war ein nicht korrekt gestarteter php-pfm Service.

    rock64@rockpro64v2_0:/usr/local/bin$ sudo service php7.2-fpm start rock64@rockpro64v2_0:/usr/local/bin$ sudo service php7.2-fpm status ● php7.2-fpm.service - The PHP 7.2 FastCGI Process Manager Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/php7.2-fpm.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: active (running) since Thu 2018-08-16 20:15:20 CEST; 21s ago Docs: man:php-fpm7.2(8) Main PID: 3206 (php-fpm7.2) Status: "Processes active: 0, idle: 2, Requests: 3, slow: 0, Traffic: 0.2req/sec" Tasks: 3 (limit: 4622) CGroup: /system.slice/php7.2-fpm.service ├─3206 php-fpm: master process (/etc/php/7.2/fpm/php-fpm.conf) ├─3207 php-fpm: pool www └─3208 php-fpm: pool www Aug 16 20:15:19 rockpro64v2_0 systemd[1]: Starting The PHP 7.2 FastCGI Process Manager... Aug 16 20:15:20 rockpro64v2_0 systemd[1]: Started The PHP 7.2 FastCGI Process Manager.
  • Ubuntu Bionic - IP Adresse ändern

    Angeheftet Verschoben Linux
    1
    0 Stimmen
    1 Beiträge
    2k Aufrufe
    Niemand hat geantwortet
  • Vorstellung von Joplin

    Linux
    3
    0 Stimmen
    3 Beiträge
    962 Aufrufe
    FrankMF

    Heute das Ganze nochmal ausprobiert. 🙂

    Unter "Werkzeuge/Allgemeine Einstellungen"

    0_1539095579387_2541359f-78f0-4b14-b540-beddb80e7f45-grafik.png

    Danach auf "Synchronisieren" klicken. Nach kurzer Zeit fragt er nach dem fehlenden Passwort. Passwort eingeben und kurze Zeit später waren alle Daten wieder da. Diesmal ging das ruckzuck.

    Joplin 1.0.111 (prod, linux)